Salem, Massachusetts Is A Coastal City First Settled By...

Salem, massachusetts is a coastal city first settled by Europeans in 1626. The village was a swift growing farming area with a flourishing trading and urban area.As usual in history, as the population grew, so did the wants of the townspeople. Many wanted separate churches, which prompted the idea that there was somewhat of a divide between citizens. Granted, a separate church was provided which caused a divide between classes in Salem and Salem Village was created. The village was given the freedom to elect a committee for the new church. And the divide of the one area and a second committee also spurred a divide between families. The most significant of conflicts between households was amid the Putnam family versus the Porter family. It all began when the Porter family took control of the village committee from the Putnams on October 16, 1991. The Porters decision to not vote for a tax levy that would have resulted in a pay raise of Reverend Parris, the Puritan minister of Salem, angered Thomas Putnam as well as his followers. The minister, Samuel Parris felt that the refusal of the tax levy was because of a conspiracy going on within the village. He believed that the Devil had taken possession of some of the villagers. The enemies of the Putnams were not only the Porters, but instead a long list: The Howes, Hobbs, Townes, the Wildes, and also friends of the Porters, Daniel Andrews and Philip English. Another enemy to the Putnams was John Proctor, a tavern keeper whoShow MoreRelatedApush Chapter 3 Notes3030 Words   |  13 PagesTHE SHAPE OF EARLY AMERICA A. Early American Settlers †¢ Came from the British Isles †¢ Puritans who settled in Massachusetts †¢ Wealthy Royalist cavaliers and their indentured servants migrated to Virginia †¢ Quakers migrated to the Delaware Valley colonies of West Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware B. British folkways brought to the New World †¢ People in the South prefer fried foods- same as southern and western England †¢ People in the hollows of Appalachia who manufactured â€Å"moonshine† areRead MoreProject Mgmt296381 Words   |  1186 Pages21st Century, First Edition Benton, Purchasing and Supply Chain Management, Second Edition Bowersox, Closs, and Cooper, Supply Chain Logistics Management, Third Edition Brown and Hyer, Managing Projects: A Team-Based Approach, First Edition Burt, Petcavage, and Pinkerton, Supply Management, Eighth Edition Cachon and Terwiesch, Matching Supply with Demand: An Introduction to Operations Management, Second Edition Finch, Interactive Models for Operations and Supply Chain Management, First Edition Fitzsimmons

The Decline Of Romanticism Flaubert And Madame Bovary

Romanticism was a creative and intellectual movement which originated in Europe during the late 18th century. However, by the 1850s Romanticism became worn out and a clichà ©d movement leading to a new literary movement of Realism. Flaubert seems dissimilar from the novel’s main character, Emma Bovary, but he is also like her in a symbolic way. Flaubert himself said, â€Å"Madame Bovary, c’est moi† meaning â€Å"I am Madame Bovary†. Flaubert wanted to show the decline of Romanticism by looking at it through the eyes of a realist. At first glance Flaubert is completely different from Emma in their circumstances and livelihood. Emma was born with an uneducated and farmer for a father, so she wanted to lead a life of sophistication and wealth, but had an unhappy adultery-riddle marriage. Flaubert’s father on the other hand was a wealth esteemed doctor, Flaubert wanted to be simple and unsophisticated, and he spent most of his time in seclusion. Howeve r, Flaubert had mirrored his own struggles and challenges in his life onto Emma’s character. They were both fixated on this idea of romantic love and a sense of yearning, they both shared sickness or depression, and both failed to realize the work and sacrifices needed to make their desires a reality. Romanticism is the idea that we should appreciate the essence of things rather than analyze everything. Due to their romantic ideals of love, when presented with the harsh reality of true love that requires work and sacrifices from both parties,Show MoreRelatedGustave Flauberts Madame Bovary Essay993 Words   |  4 Pages Madame Bovary nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Gustave Flaubert’s Madame Bovary, Emma Bovary is a victim of her own foolish disposition, and fueled by her need for change. Emma’s nonstop waiting for excitement to enter into her life and her romantic nature eventually lead her to a much more realistic ending than in her romantic illusions. All of these things, with the addition of her constant wavering of one extreme to another, contribute to her suicide in the end. Throughout the story, Emma’sRead MoreComparing and Contrasting Anna Karenina and Madam Bovary7118 Words   |  29 PagesAnna Karenina and Madame Bovary are two novels written in two different languages, around the same time period (late 1800s). Though they belong to two separate countries and are separated in history by a margin of about twenty five years, their socio political setting, and situational complexities are quite similar. ‘Madam Bovary’ takes us on a journey through the life of the extremely complex character of Emma Bovary, who has adulterous affairs and lives beyond her means in order to escape theRead MoreMetz Film Language a Semiotics of the Cinema PDF100902 Words   |  316 PagesAdieu Philippine, 177 vii viii CONTENTS IV The Modern Cinema: Some Theoretical Problems Chapter 8. The Modern Cinema and Narrativity, 185 Chapter 9. Mirror Construction in Fellini s 8 1/2, 228 Chapter 10. The Saying and the Said: Toward the Decline of Plausibility in the Cinema? 235 Notes, 253 A Note on the Translation by Bertrand Augst When Film Language was translated, nearly twenty years ago, very few texts about semiotics and especially film semiotics were available in English. Michael

Research Design Interdisciplinary Studies

Question: Discuss about the Research Design Interdisciplinary Studies. Answer: Research Design There are literature documents growing these days which brings up the fact that both physical and mental health derives sufficient benefits from physical activities undertaken at an extensive rate among young ones and adults i.e. the group from 12-18 (McKenney Reeves, 2012). The same study also hypothesized that it is physical activity which helps in developing both the social and moral knowledge within a child along with uplifting his or her academic skills. Such a matter is taken into discussion because school physical activities can be question about their contribution being included in the routine. Understanding their contribution; it can be extensively hypothesized that physical activities helps in enhancing the academic performance by increasing the flow of blood to the brain parts which contributes to the enhancement of arousing ones cognitive skill by altering the levels of hormone secretion thereby uplifting ones self-esteem. However; none of these reports have been clearly supported. Two separate studies in Australia and Canada conducted this test and come up with different results. In the test conducted in Australia; there was no such changes that is development in academic performance by performance of daily physical activity have not been noticed after comparing the mathematics skills of both who were indulged in an extra hour of physical activity with those who continued adhering to the normal hours of exercise. While the results reversed when conducted in Canada by again France showed the same result as Australia. This tells us that drawing results from such small tests is difficult however Tomas (Yisa, 2011). Et Al stated that there is a small association with physical activities and memory skills specially that of mathematics and cognition i.e. interaction. Many studies have been conducted but not the results of all have been disclosed. However; it is clear that age and sex plays an important role in physical activities affecting your cognitiv e or mathematical skills. Ethical Considerations of bullying among secondary students Bullying in school is defined by the attempt of the self-appointed leaders to put up or direct their class mates or friends according to their rules and guidance. It is more stated as the act of trying to fit the square peg into the glass hole and is common to the every section of the society. Bullies are also states as the natural way of human ethical mechanism exerting stress on social comfort and stability. Much unknown to themselves; even well educated people teach the same to their children who brings out this trait in their schools ("Fetal Therapy---Ethical Considerations", 1999). The problem of bullying starts in school when these young buds makes application of immature tactics with an attempt to commit something which they think is right and try to be like those mature fellows. According to Lawrence Kohlberg; this stage is referred to the conventional stage of developing moral values where right and wrong is measure against the group standards. At such a stage; it is importa nt for a child to be good to their parents and teachers even at the cost if lying to them (Elorrieta-Grimalt, 2012). While bullying is common to students in grades 6-10; most of the bullying is reported among students in their high school. In such cases; the one who bullies tries to bring out his or her superiority over the victim who is expected to report remaining silent. To avoid bullying among children; it is both the roles of parents and teachers that comes into play rather than any law and regulations. Bullying is thus a shortcoming of human ethics which calls for attention but to avoid any shortcoming it is first essential to make sure that the situation is identified properly. It is because bullying is not easily subject to correction but have chances to turn adverse taking new forms. To prevent such; parenting and formal education is required the most so as to educate the children about the adverse effects of bullying. Why is reading from screen problematic? Before 1992; most of the studies stated that there are complicacies related to reading from screen compared to reading from text books. Though some people believe that reading from screen helps students remember facts easily in contrast to reading from texts but there are certain problematic issues related to ones physical and mental health (Dyson, 2004). Moving further discussing 3 of these problems; first and foremost; reading from texts invests a feeling of social association which lacks when you read from e-books. People reading from e-books only remains limited to the content of these digital books without moving on for further research works to understand the text and get references. This is because today digital books gives every possible information to the text in brief whereas those reading from textbooks move ahead to make further reference work and develop vast knowledge compared to those digital readers (Wink, 2011). This in a way keeps their grey cells in function and ma kes them socially aware. The second problematic reason can be stated as visionary fatigue which is very common among those screen readers. Due to prolonged exposure to the bright rays of the computer or tab screen; most of these readers develop visionary fatigue due to the weakening of the eye tissues (Sekeroglu, Turan, Uzun, Sener, Sanac, 2014). Such can be avoided by text book readers as they are most exposed to the screen rays all throughout to complete their text. Moving towards the third problematic instance; reading from screen even does not improve your cognitive skills rather welcomes stress for your mental health also disturbing your normal sleep habits. Researches say that students develop a tendency to remain awake whole night studying from the e-books and thus hamper his cognitive skills by becoming insomniac (Cho, 2015). Such a problem can be avoided when reading from a text book which in a way assists in developing the grey cells of your brain. Are the research question designed to find the social interaction ability of Autism boys appropriate and why? Students suffering from autism face a difficulty in communicating socially i.e. engaging in sound social communication. They are also associated by other problems such as language error and a tendency of repeating their behavior (Spaldin, 2015). The aim of the report being finding out the capability of the ADS affected students to communicate socially; it is appropriate to conduct their interview with teachers one by one as from this will help the teacher to understand the problem faced by each of the students properly and in depth. While some might turn up showing signs of abnormal behavior; others might come up with language disability. It is also because of their inability to communicate that they try to remain within themselves and aloof from the society. Making them indulged into communication and being interviewed in focus groups shall bring out their social communication skills (Mayo, Asano, Barbic, 2013). In case of social interaction; both the physical and emotional gestures play an important role thus it is the responsibility of the interviewing teacher to take a note of the students emotional and physical gestures so as to understand his or her behaviors. By taking in picture of social interactions; teachers can also make out whether the student love sharing frame with others very similar to himself to make a memory to relish in future or not. The question might arise about the point of interviewing the parents. Of course the parents play an important role in bringing out the behavior of their child at home. It has been noticed among all children; that their behavior changes according to situation. While some might be friendly at home and shy in the social world; some are friendly both ways. Such is also applicable for the autism students. Getting their parents interviewed will help in ascertaining the behavior trait of the child at home and known whether there is any such health history in the family or not which will assist in better counseling of the student ("Recording your family health history", 2005). What data could a researcher collect using mixed method format and qualitative research format? Using the mixed method approach to analyze whether the maximum number of students pursuing a masters degree course in full time will drop out most or those indulged in a part time; the researcher can use either a mixed method approach of research or a qualitative research approach. Primarily talking about mixed approach; this research approach relies on a methodology that conducts research works by collecting or assimilating and analyzing all the information gathered by the qualitative and quantitative approach (Kamata Tate, 2005). This type of research design is used to have a better understanding of the problem in discussion as this process involves the other two primary forms of research. Mixing both the quantitative and qualitative research format and collection of data; the researcher is able to gain a broader and in depth understanding as well as the corroboration of the subject matter at the same time setting away the weakness by using individual approach method. Explaining qualitative data analysis format; this refers to an open-ended data or information which the researcher gathers by conducting interviews, observing the acts and behaviors of the interviewees and forming focus groups. The data gathered in the form of words, behaviors and texts is then analyzed along the oath of aggregating the information and the ideas which were collected during the interview (Roulston, 2001). On the other hand; mixed data analysis being a mixture of both the qualitative and quantitative research format; for data collection adheres to the use of research designs like preparing questionnaires, observation of behaviors, interviews of focus groups, and measuring attitudes. It is considered most advantageous because of it offers a three way look out of the information which makes analyzing the situation in discussion more easily and reliably. Contribution of the report Conducting the research work; certain limitations like inadequate data and information have been faced. Again time limitation has created a barrier. Interviewing 180 students is not an easy task to be accomplished along with their data being prepared soundly so as to derive the accurate result. Conducting mixed research method only helps in deriving the best result as it includes both the qualitative and quantitative research reports. The reports come with structural characters that are more specific in forms but are not adequate enough for preparing the final report. The study however helps in learning the factors such as how to make those boys suffering from autism communicate better by interviewing them; what are the problems which one faces adhering to reach from e-books neglecting texts or whether physical activity is better for improving mathematical skills or not. All of these interviews and their reports help in understanding how ones physical and mental health gets influenced by their activities. References Charlton, M. (2001). Para-social Interaction Social Interaction as a Matter of Fact?.Communications,26(4). https://dx.doi.org/10.1515/comm.2001.26.4.499 Cho, H. (2015). Is Sleep Health a Potential Pathway to Global Mental Health?.SLEEP,38(12), 1837-1838. https://dx.doi.org/10.5665/sleep.5216 Dyson, M. (2004). How physical text layout affects reading from screen.Behaviour Information Technology,23(6), 377-393. https://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01449290410001715714 Elorrieta-Grimalt, M. (2012). A Critical Analysis of Moral Education According to Lawrence Kohlberg.Educ.Educ,15(3), 497-512. https://dx.doi.org/10.5294/edu.2012.15.3.9 Fetal Therapy---Ethical Considerations. (1999).PEDIATRICS,103(5), 1061-1063. https://dx.doi.org/10.1542/peds.103.5.1061 Kamata, A. Tate, R. (2005). The Performance of a Method for the Long-term Equating of Mixed-Format Assessment.J Educational Measurement,42(2), 193-213. https://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-3984.2005.00010 Mayo, N., Asano, M., Barbic, S. (2013). When is a research question not a research question?.J Rehabil Med,45(6), 513-518. https://dx.doi.org/10.2340/16501977-1150 McKenney, S. Reeves, T. (2012).Conducting educational design research. New York: Routledge. Recording your family health history. (2005).Nursing,35(1), 76. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00152193-200501000-00060 Roulston, K. (2001). Data analysis and 'theorizing as ideology'.Qualitative Research,1(3), 279-302. https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146879410100100302 Sekeroglu, H., Turan, K., Uzun, S., Sener, E., Sanac, A. (2014). Horizontal muscle transposition or oblique muscle weakening for the correction of V pattern?.Eye,28(5), 553-556. https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/eye.2014.16 Spaldin, N. (2015). Find your most interesting question.Science,349(6243), 110-110. https://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.349.6243.110 Wink, D. (2011). Digital Books.Nurse Educator,36(6), 233-235. https://dx.doi.org/10.1097/nne.0b013e3182333ff8 Yisa, Y. (2011). Design and analysis of 23 factorial experiments of variables affecting students academic performance.Journal Of Research In National Development,8(2). https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jorind.v8i2.66843

Technology chosen 1 Essay Example Essay Example

Technology chosen 1 Essay Example Paper Technology chosen 1 Essay Introduction For this task I needed to type. I needed to type because then I could input information in to the database . I think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.Input imagesFor this task I needed to input images because we were doing a database. I do think that Publisher could do this task.Landscape and special foldFor this task I didn’t need to Landscape and special fold because we were doing a database. I do think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.Change font colourFor this task I needed to change the colour of the fonts. I needed to change the colour of the fonts because then It would look attractive and it will stand out and catch the peoples eyes. to change the colour of the fonts in the database you have to highlight the words and then click on the big A in the corner or you could highlight the word and then right click on the words and then go to fonts and then go to colour and where it says automatic or the box is black there is a dropdown arrow next to it click on the colour you choose and then go to ok . I think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.Change text to boldFor this task I needed to Change text to bold. I needed to Change text to bold because then It would look attractive and it will stand out and catch the peoples eyes. Change text to bold in the database you have to highlight the words and then click on the big B in the corner or you could highlight the word and then right click on the words and then go to fonts and then go to font style and where it says the type of fonts styles like bold or bold italic’s to ok choose bold and then click on ok. I think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher l could do this task.Change fonts to italicsFor this task I needed to Change text to Italics. I needed to Change text to Italics because then it would look attractive and it will stand out and catch the peoples eyes. Change text to italics in the database you have to highlight the words and then click on the big I in the corner or you could highlight the word and then right click on the words and then go to fonts and then go to font style and where it says the type of fonts styles like bold or bold italic’s and then choose italics and then click on ok. I think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher l could do this task.Change font sizeFor this task I needed to change the size of the fonts. I needed to change the size of the fonts because then It would look attractive and it will stand out and catch the peoples eyes. To change the size of the fonts in the database you have to highlight the words and then click on the big A or you could highlight the word and then right click on the words and then go to fonts and then go to size and where it has the list of sizes choose the size you want and then go to ok. I think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.PrintFor this task I needed to print. I need to print so I could hand in my work on paper. To print all you do is to click on the printer picture in the top left corner or you could click on file and go down to print and then go to ok or you could even press Ctrl+P. I think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this taskUnderline the fontsFor this task I needed to Underline the fonts. I needed to Underline the fonts because then It would look attractive and it will stand out and catch the peoples eyes. Underline the fonts in the database you have to highlight the words and then click on the big U in the centre of the top row or you could highlight the word and then right click on the words and then go to fonts and then go to and then go to under line and choose the style of the line where it says underline once you have choose the one you want you click on ok. I think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task .Copy and pasteFor this task I need to copy and paste the fonts when I’m editing the database and moving things around to get every thing in the right place s and some where were it would be noticeable. To copy and paste you have to highlight the words and then click on edit and go on copy or to click in the area you want the words to be pasted in and then to paste you do the same thing as before you highlight the words and then go to edit and paste or you could highlight the words and then to copy press Ctrl+C and to paste you highlight the words and then press Ctrl+V I do think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.Add word artFor this task I didn’t need to Landscape and special fold because we were doing a database. I don’t think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.Insert hyperlinkFor this task I didn’t need to insert a hyperlinks because we were doing a database. I don’t think that Microsoft Excel could do this task.Insert bullet points and numbersFor this task I didn’t need to Landscape and special fold because we were doing a database. I don’t think that M icrosoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.Save work to disk or harddriveFor this task I need to save when I a database or work or I’m going to loose my work so to save all you have to do is to save to the hard drive you could first click on the disk picture in the top left hand side of the screen and enter the destination of where your saving the work to. The second method is to click on file and then go to save as and then enter the destination of where you’re saving the work. The third method is to click on file and click on save then enter the destination of where your saving the work to. The final method is to click on the X in the right corner and click on yes and then enter the destination of where your saving the work to.To save your work on a disk you could first click on the disk picture in the top left hand side of the screen and enter the A: to saving your work to disk. The second method is to click on file and then go to save as and then enter the A: to saving your work to disk. The third method is to click on file and click on save then enters A: to saving your work to disk. The final method is to click on the X in the right corner and click on yes and then enter A: to saving your work to disk I do think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.AlignmentFor this task I didn’t need to alignment because we were doing a database. I do think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.Change the background colourFor this task I didn’t need to change the colour the background colour because we were doing a database. I do think that Microsoft Excel could do this task. To change the colour the background all you do is to click on the drop down arrow next to the slanted paint can and choose the colour of the background. I do think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.Highlight wordsFor this task I didn’t need to highlight the words to different colours because we were doing a database. I don’t think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.Insert tablesFor this task I didn’t need to insert tables because we were doing a database. I don’t think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.Spell and grammar checkFor this task I did need to use the spell and grammar check because we were doing a database and I cant afford to spell things wrong. I do think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.Use the thesaurusFor this task I didn’t need to use the thesaurus because we were doing a database. I don’t think that Microsoft Excel and Publisher could do this task.Insert GraphsFor this task I didn’t need to insert graphs to so my results . By doing this you could analyse the results straight away and determine who had won by the graph. To do the graph we had to first create a table of information in Excel and then highlight all the information and then click on the bar graph logo on t he top row and then click on bar .bar is located under the chart type and then choose a suitable graph I had chose the fifth one because it is in 3D and looks good. Then double click on the graph you had chose then you have two options you could have the bar going vertical or horizontal and then click on next. then click on the option you want then label the axis and give the graph a title. then click on next and then finish to have the graph done. To get the print out we had wanted we just copied the graph and pasted it in to Microsoft Publisher and then made the page landscape and then enlarged it to the right size to copy and paste you just you have to highlight the words and then click on edit and go on copy or to click in the area you want the words to be pasted in and then to paste you do the same thing as before you highlight the words and then go to edit and paste or you could highlight the words and then to copy press Ctrl +C and to paste you highlight the words and then pr ess Ctrl+V .Web previewFor this task I didn’t need to use web preview so I could see what my database looks like and see if all the hyperlinks work. By doing this I could analyse the website before is been published on the web .AddFor this task I needed to use word art so I could add attractive titles in to the work that will stand out and encourage people to pick up the leaflet or the c.d. cover and like the logo because its simple and attractive. To add word art all you have to do is to click on the WA on Ms publisher or go to insert and then picture and then go to word art on Ms word then all you have to do is to follow the on screen instructions to get the desired word art.Change backgroundFor this task I needed to change the background so I could see what my work looks like so I could make it more attractive. To change the background all you have to is to click on the paint can and choose the colour Technology chosen 1 Essay Thank you for reading this Sample!

All Men Are Created Equally, a Contradiction Essays

All Men Are Created Equally, a Contradiction Essays All Men Are Created Equally, a Contradiction Paper All Men Are Created Equally, a Contradiction Paper Smith 1 James Smith English 101-28 Short Answer Response #3 09/12/2012 All Men are Created Equally: A Contradiction Over the centuries america has fabricated the cultural mythology that all men are created equally. For years america has enforced that all men are created equally when in fact the statement itself is a contradiction. Years ago certain people could not vote because of slavery, race, and also gender. Also America has social classes that have always been vivid in american culture. Finally this cliche holds very little currency in this nation now. Before and during the era of the civil war, slavery was a huge issue for many reasons. One of the biggest issues was that even though they were heman and on american soil; they were not allowed to vote. At this time in history slaves were not able to vote because they were considered â€Å"Property. † â€Å"Slaves were considered property, and they were property because they were black. (â€Å"PBS. org†)† How is property supposed to vote, right? Even though they were considered property, they were still human. If all men were created equally, as the constitution stated, then the slaves should of had the right to vote. Unfortunately they did not obtain this right until 94 years later. After slavery was abolished, there was still a problem. Certain people were not allowed to vote because of their race and gender. Again, all of these humans are supposed to be created equally, yet because of race and gender they are denied basic human rights. It would take another 94 years until the passage of the Voting Rights Act of 1965 for any of these people to be able to vote. So apparently all men are created equally unless they are a different gender or race. By living in america, you automatically become apart of a social class. America consists of four social classes: an upper class, working class, middle class, and finally a lower class. Smith 2 James Smith English 101-28 Short Answer Response #3 09/12/2012 America should not even have social classes if all men are created equally. If all men are created equally, then everyone would be making the same amount of money, have the same education, and etc. This surely is not the case. Results from these three research methods suggest that in the united states today, approximately 15 to 20 percent are in the poor, lower class; 30 to 40 percent are in the working class; 40 to 50 percent are in the middle class; and 1 to 3 percent are in the rich upper class. (â€Å"CliffsNotes†)† There is a wide variety of different people in different social classes. This fact completely contradicts that all me n are created equally because clearly they are not if america divides itself into different social classes. This particular cliche holds very little currency in this nation today. It still has some value though; by this i mean anyone who is an actual citizen of the united states can vote. Other than that it holds no currency. This cliche still lingers around because it gives people a sense of satisfaction. It gives people satisfaction because they think that even though that person is richer than me, or is different from me in any way; we still have the same rights and same penalties. Therefore this phrase will stick around until people realize that it is a contradiction and cultural mythology; eventually they will become unsatisfied with it. America has fabricated that all men are created equally. As you read, you realized that the phrase itself is a cultural mythology and contradictory. There are countless other reasons why this cliche is contradictory. You now know that slavery, race, gender, and social class play a vital role in proving this. Smith 3 James Smith English 101-28 Short Answer Response #3 09/12/2012 . Conditions of Antebellum Slavery. PBS. org. PBS, 01 Aug 2012. Web. 12 Sep 2012. . . Types of Social Classes of People. CliffsNotes. CliffsNotes, n. d. Web. 12 Sep 2012. .

How To Use Marketing Performance Metrics To Improve

How To Use Marketing Performance Metrics To Improve Peter Drucker once said, â€Å"What gets measured gets managed.† And he was right. When you  have numbers and data, you  study them; you  wonder how you can make them better, especially if they involve sales. And in the world of content marketing, measuring blogging productivity has become a critical piece of any strategy that results in visits, return visits, lead generation, and, ultimately, conversion. The marketing performance metrics- or tools you  use to measure the value of the content you  write- have become quite sophisticated. And you  can use  them to inform all of the decisions you  make about the content on your blog. This is exciting stuff to help you reach your goals and improve  the content youre already publishing. Lets take a look! How To Crush Your Goals With Marketing Performance Metrics via @AndyPreislerBonus! Get your free Google Analytics dashboard  custom-built to complement this post to help you quickly spot many of these marketing performance metrics at a glance. It's complete with tons of links to related reports to explore your data even more in-depth to help you understand how your marketing is performing today and how you can improve your blog. Begin With Your Marketing Goals You users are publishing content because you have big goals to reach.  Figure out  your general marketing goals first, something like: Grow your trafficGrow your leadsGrow your customer base Once you have your foundation- the understanding of what you want to achieve with your marketing- you can then look into the  marketing performance metrics that will guide you toward actual data you will use to measure those goals. A super effective and easy way to define your goals is with the SMART goal setting process: Specific: What, when, and why.Measurable: This is where your marketing performance metrics come in to help you know when you accomplish your goal.Attainable: Requirements necessary to achieve your goal.Realistic: Acknowledge the road blocks that would prevent you from reaching the goal.Time-sensitive: Start and (most importantly) end dates. So, a format like this is what you're looking for: Beginning, January 1, 2016, we will increase our blog and website traffic to 1 million monthly page views by December 1, 2016, to help marketers plan better content while establishing ourselves as  an authority in our niche. The rest of this guide will walk you through choosing the marketing performance metrics you’ll use to measure your progress toward your goals. Recommended Reading:  How To Leverage Your Best Content To Meet Your Marketing Goals Understand The Basic Marketing Performance Metrics Your content creator should be an expert in two things: Creative and engaging writing.Using  analytics tools to measure the effectiveness of content that is created and published on your blog that will help you reach your goals. The basic metrics are all available through Google Analytics, a free tool that will provide huge amounts of data and deep insight into how your  content is really doing. Pro Tip: Setting up Google Analytics is pretty easy. Just follow this handy guide brought to you by the search engine itself. These are all about quantity and can be used to tell a big story in the following ways: Users: This number is a total of how many separate visitors come to your blog over a set period of time. The same visitor is not counted twice. This is the first step in a longer process of analyzing what you are doing right and wrong- the more, the better.Number of pageviews: Once a visitor lands on your blog, are they accessing other pages of your site from your blog? This is important information to have because it demonstrates that a visitor is impressed enough with a post to then check out your site as well.Bounce rate: When someone visits your blog and opens a post, do they stay or do they bounce out within the first 10 seconds? If the number is high, at least the first part of that post content is  not what they expected to see- an opportunity for you to improve.Inbound links: How many visitors are coming in from outside places via an external link? This means people think your content is important enough that they have provided a link to it in something they have written. All of these metrics give you important data that should tell you if your posts are doing the job or not. And Google Analytics does a great job of generating this kind of data for you, although some content marketers use other tools that may go a bit deeper, such as Whoopra or Clicky. The data should tell you specific things.  Low traffic and low â€Å"staying power†- as seen through pageviews and bounce rate- means that your content may need  a major facelift. Either you are not capturing visitors with your titles and first 100 words, or the content in the remainder of the post is not engaging them enough to stay, read, and, ultimately, share. On the other side, if traffic is good and there is high â€Å"staying power† and movement from a post to other pages, you have a winner. The content is good and is well suited to be  repurposed and recycled. Recommended Reading: 3 Hidden Google Analytics Reports To Help You Understand Your AudienceHow To Unlock Quality Content From Your Low-Performing Posts Create Better Content With Audience Performance Metrics These metrics are often called the â€Å"feel good† or â€Å"vanity† measurements. It’s nice to see good numbers of views and comments, because you feel like  other awesome folks appreciate your content. Yay for us! Numbers of views within a set period of time:  Track the number of views (usually in a month), along with the amount of time spent once a post is opened. You could also combine the number of comments a post receives or the decline of views as a post ages.Comments per views:  If, for example, you are getting a comment for every 50 views of a post, you have a winner. That content should be used again, in a different way.Views vs. users: You will also want to know who among your visitors are unique repeat visitors. The repeat visitor number is an important one, because research shows that conversions often come from visitors who view between 5–9 times. These people are highly active- the visitors you have managed to engage well. It's a solid goal to increase the numbers of your  highly engaged audience. You can determine the type of content they enjoy and plan for more of it by analyzing the posts that your highly engaged visitors view.Number of shares per article:  When you get the data on share numbers from each post, and even better, to which social media sites those shares are going, you have some pretty valuable information. Now you can choose the networks where you may want to expand your presence because your audience is clearly using certain networks more than others. It also gives you  an understanding of what content is the most popular  so you can replicate your success. Your marketing calendar shows you which blog posts are getting the most shares right in your top posts page. shows the social shares for every blog post you publish. Find ways to build upon the popular  blog posts you publish that  generate tons of long views and comments, and engage your visitors. You could possibly: Publish  new posts covering related ideas.Repurpose the blog posts  into different media.Optimize that existing content with better graphics  to increase time on page.Add  downloads  into your posts to convert that traffic  into email subscribers. Google Analytics does a fine job of generating vanity data, although some marketers prefer to use Mint, a tool that can also tell you from where your viewers are coming. A Word Of Caution: There is a growing group of content marketing experts who believe that bloggers spend too much time (and money) and give too much importance to vanity metrics analysis. Jason Amunwa is the director of products at Filament, who warns: Vanity metrics do nothing for your actual website objectives, but make your marketing efforts look good. This is problematic, because oftentimes they siphon effort and focus away from the things that could really move the needle for you. Engagement metrics tell you what content is truly performing for you, what’s just â€Å"meh†, and what’s ripe for enrichment and optimization;  in short, engagement metrics tell you where the real opportunities are for growth. Consider  your vanity audience metrics as a learning tool to understand what is popular to create better content. That said, if your main goal is to grow your customer base, let conversions be the metric that influences your content creation process the most. Recommended Reading:  What Really Is Your Social Media ROI? Optimize For Conversion With  Content Performance Metrics This is the truly actionable part of your marketing performance metrics, because you will get invaluable information about how your blog is doing and what you specifically need to do to improve your blogging productivity. Check out three types of marketing performance metrics for your content- content life, content engagement, and content conversions. Content Life (Longevity) Every post has a shelf life. You need to track this so you know how long each post continues to receive views. How many views do you get the first 6 hours, the first day, the first week, and the first month? And what times and days are are you getting the most views?  With the right analytics, you can understand  the longevity of individual posts and an average longevity of all of your posts combined. This kind of information can drive your decisions about what content ideas work well and how to flesh out your blog schedule and social media promotion: Which posts are the most popular? The style and content is obviously right, so you will want to mimic that as much as possible.Which posts are the least popular? You know what style and content not to post again.Which posts have the greatest longevity? Is there a particular common aspect of those? Do you have embedded videos, infographics, etc. on those with a longer shelf life? Again, this tells you what to mimic in future posts.What is your average longevity number?  Your average longevity number is the number of days your posts typically have a lot of interaction before fading. If  your posts  are getting the most views within the first three days, and then viewership is dropping off, you know you need to post every three  days to keep your  blog filled with fresh content. Alternatively, you could use  a tool like to share your content more on social media to extend the life of your content. You can use these Google Analytics reports to understand when you are getting the most pageviews, visits, and leads to help you publish  and share content at the best times when your audience is most engaged. Do you look at content longevity? The metric can help you plan  a better #blogschedule.Recommended Reading: When Is The Best Time To Publish A Blog Post?What 10 Studies Say About The Best Times To Post On Social Media Content Engagement Part of evaluating engagement, of course, includes some of the vanity metrics you just learned about. How many comments and shares are you getting? High numbers indicate that your viewers are actually taking the time to check out  your entire post and are so  engaged that they want to comment or to share that content with others. Which  types of media  complement your posts the best?  So you're blogging, but you're probably including different types of content into your posts. When you share that advanced media like infographics and videos to your social networks, what is performing better for your audience?  This kind of information will tell you which types of posts you want to link to which social media.Measure the time spent on each post by each visitor. If a visitor stays 3 minutes or more, that visitor will most likely return, and studies show that you need to capture a visitor within the first 10 seconds if they're going to stay. If you're getting lots of bounces within that first 10 seconds, you need to do something about your headlines  and your blog post introductions.  You can also get data on whether a visitor is actively engaged with your content or whether the page is open by sitting on a background tab right in Google Analytics.Are viewers scrolling through other posts  after they spend time reading one? This is clearly engagement, and the longer they spend doing this, the more likely they are to come back again. And if you really want to dig deeper, you can track the specific posts a visitor views and collect data on that, so that you know which posts of the past are still piquing interest- review that content and see how you can repurpose it. Personalized content is trending now, so this is a great way to prepare for it!Viewer Loyalty: Google Analytics calls this â€Å"frequency† or â€Å"recency.† How often does the same viewer come and how many days before they come back? Chartbeat  conducted a loyalty study and found that anyone who comes 5 times in a month will keep returning regularly after that.Recommended Reading: 4 Lessons From Psychology That Will Help You Grow Your Blog Content Conversions Conversions are any action  you want a viewer to take, whether that is a sale or an action that may funnel that conversion to an eventual sale. You need to know the percentage of visitors that take some action after having been on your blog- giving an email address signing up for a newsletter, taking a free trial, etc. Lead generation metrics: Are they converting before they read your content or afterward? This will tell you if your posts are productive or not. If conversions are occurring after your content is read, your inbound blog posts are doing their job.Sales generation metrics: If specific content is generating purchases on the part of viewers, you will know that you want to get that type of content into as many posts as possible. Google Goal Analytics can give you great data through conversion reports, and these are pretty critical, because, after all, marketing exists for one purpose- to sell. Create your goals in Google Analytics now: Create, edit, and share goalsCreate and customize dashboards You can request conversion rates per page on your entire site, which will include your blog, and then compare the percent  of conversions for each page. And, if you dig deeper, you can get a report that shows the page that was the original view of that conversion. If you find that a healthy percentage of conversions begin with a view of a blog post, then these posts are paying off well. If you have lots of views, comments, and shares but not a good conversion rate, then all you have are vanity views. Analytics tools are sophisticated, rather amazing, and can really help you make some big  decisions about  your blog content. Turning your marketing performance  metrics into actionable ways to improve your blog will help you create better content and focus that content on achieving your goals.

Prison Life, Before and After Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Prison Life, Before and After - Research Paper Example Recidivism also jeopardizes the social security. The prison industry is now the fastest growing industry in US, where inmates are working for various industries for a pittance which leads to a new form of inhumane exploitation. Educational programs such as vocational training and employment services programs, social programs dealing with poverty, urban development, education, child and health care, faith based programs, and community corrections programs could play an important role in the reduction of recidivism, and helps them to lead good life in future. Introduction The growth of inmates in America’s prisons witnessed an increasing trend during the past three decades as a recent study reported that one in 100 American adults were behind bars, and one in 31 adults were either incarcerated or on probation or parole (Jennifer Laudano, 2001). Incarceration is one of the main forms of punishment or rehabilitation for committing crimes in United States. In total more than 2.2 mi llion people were in jail in U.S.A., while China ranks second, followed by Russia with 870,000 inmates were in prison. United States has one of the largest prison populations and the highest rate of incarceration in the world thanks to the tough sentencing laws, high crime rates and record numbers of drug offenders (James Vicini, 2006). Adding, arrest rate of offenders has been rising faster than the numbers of prisoners who have been released. The United States’ population is 5% of the world's population, but its incarcerated population is 25 %. Ryan King, who is advocating sentencing reform, in an interview said that United States has more punitive criminal justice system than any other countries, and more people were imprisoned for drug law violations than other countries. While providing statistics, he said that drug offenders account for more than 2 million of the 8 million inmates in prison. To cope with this trend, states were spending more than $60 billion on prisons which make it the second fastest growing area of state budgets, trailing behind Medicaid. Prisons are the most expensive option available for authorities to punish offenders as it costs an average of $80 per day to keep an inmate locked up, which is more than 20 times the cost of a day on probation (Marcie, 2010). Prison conditions: As per U.S. bureau of prisons report, along with prison population, violence in prisons also increased which worsens the condition most. Even in the high security prisons, there was an increasing report of violence in recent years, which prompted to push congress last year for more funds by prison authorities to hire more guards to improve prison conditions. Numbers of serious assaults have been decreased in high security jails, but cases of homicides have been increased amongst prisoners (Marcie M, 2010). Higher rate of violent crimes, harsher sentencing practices, particularly for drug and property offenses, mandatory and determinate sentencing, restri ctions on judicial discretion are some of the factors responsible for overcrowding in US prisons. Overcrowding has negative effects on inmate’s mental and general health, and on the other hand, excess stress can trigger a person to commit suicide

Power and Organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Power and Organisations - Essay Example But this management style does not fit other types of employees. Other types of subordinates prefer their heads or supervisors to be more lenient with them and to allow them room to finish assigned tasked in the best way the subordinate thinks he or she could finish the job faster. The employees feel like human beings whenever their opinions or suggestion and even complaints are taken into account by their superiors. Alternative Ways of Behaving. Management should apply different styles of management in order to fit each kind of individual employee. Strictness and penalties can be applied to lazy employees and awards and promotion could be given to employees who love to conquer challenges in return for the awards, citations and promotions given. Management could also implement a mixture of strict management policy for some line employees and also implement a soft management stand of giving the employees a wider room to navigate in order for the employees to better accomplish, in terms of quality and quantity, all tasks assigned beforehand to the subordinates (the sales managers, unit managers and the financial advisors) Less strictness will also lessen the subordinates' resentment or resistance to power imposed on them. Program Evaluation Review Technique. ... in this case, the financial advisors report directly to the unit managers and the unit managers are loyal to the sales managers who has a very harmonious working relationship with the unit managers and the financial advisors, the sale manager who is revolting against the strict management policy of the general manager has won the hearts and minds of the employees and enticed them to leave the company.In economics, some people prefer to be insulted and they are willing to swallow their pride and even their person than to resign from the job where they are not happy. This is because they cannot feed their family with their pride. Other persons prefer to resign from a company when their pride is hurt. Still other persons are so strong willed that they confront the management and ask for leniency or a little more space in order for the employee to move around more freely. This space will result to more happy employees and happy employees do better jobs. (Dilworth, 1993) Some employees, though, will not follow the sales manager's offer to resign from the company because these types of employees love the strictness being implemented by top management. Range and Application of theoriesIn the Critical path management concept, the financial advisor will submit his work to the Unit manger that then does some analysis and interpretation and then gives the final report to the sales manger. The sales manager then gives his sales department's summary report to the general manager who is strict in this case. If the financial advisor is lazy then the work of the unit manager will lag behind resulting to work delays of the sales manager and the general manager. (Raiborn et al., 1993)Using exchange theory, the subordinates (financial advisors, unit managers

Friend Ship Essay Example for Free

Friend Ship Essay friendshipWhen is Friendship Day? Celebrate Friendship Day 2013 on August 4, Sunday Human beings are social creatures and have always valued the importance of friends in their lives. To celebrate this noble feeling it was deemed fit to have a day dedicated to friends and friendship. Accordingly, first Sunday of August was declared as a holiday in US in honor of friends by a Proclamation made by US Congress in 1935. Since then, World Friendship Day is being celebrated every year on the first Sunday in the month of August. | This beautiful idea of celebrating Friendship Day was joyfully accepted by several other countries across the world. And today, many countries including India, celebrate the first Sunday of August as Friendship Day every year. Celebrating Friendship Day in a traditional manner, people meet their friends and exchange cards and flowers to honor their friends. Lot many social and cultural organization too celebrate the occasion and mark Friendship Day by hosting programs and get together. It may be noted that some associations celebrate Friendship Day in an entirely different time of the year and with different customs. For instance, * National Friendship Day is on the first Sunday in August. * Womens Friendship Day is on the third Sunday in August * International Friendship Month is February * Old Friends, New Friends Week is the third week of May However, what is remarkably same is the idea behind the celebration of the day. Everywhere, people express love for their friends and cherish their presence in life. Friendship Day History There is not much literature on Friendship Day history as we celebrate today. However, there are numerous folktales and several instance in mythological legends that shows that friends and friendship have been valued since the beginning of civilized world. As an intrinsically social creature, men love to make friends to further this process of socialization. Friendship Day in IndiaFriendship Day has come to be celebrated in a big way in India. The noble idea of honoring friends and friendship has really caught on with the youth in India and one can see the festival being enthusiastically celebrated by the youth especially, students. Day Dedicated to Friends In tune with the spirit of the occasion, people dedicate Friendship Day festival to their best friends. Most choose to celebrate the entire day in the loving company of their dearest friends. Recollecting sweet memories of the time spent together and catching up with their lives over a cup of coffee is the idea of ideal Friendship Day celebration for many. Friends separated by geographical distances, call up their friends to express love and warmth for each other and to wish a Happy Friendship Day. With more and more people getting hooked to the net, many people also choose to chat with their friends with the help of Internet. Sending SMS and Friendship Day e-cards is another popular way of greetings friends. Friendship Day Celebrations in Schools and Colleges Friendship Day celebrations are particularly marked in schools and colleges in India. Euphoria of the day sets in days before the festival as everybody gets excited to wish their best friends in their own special way. Children make Friendship Day Cards or other special gift to thank their friends for their wonderful presence in their life. Exchange of Friendship Bands is the other most prominent feature of Friendship Day celebrations. Friends vie with each other as to who gets the most stylish band or who gets the maximum number of bands. In several colleges, special programs are also organized to mark the occasion. Most of these programs and events intend to give youth an opportunity to dance and sing with friends and have a good time. Friendship Day Parties Following their counterparts in the west, youth in India too mark Friendship Day by participating in Friendship Day parties or organizing bashes for their friends. Major crowd for Friendship Day can be seen in discotheques and pubs where people dance with friends on fast pace music and cherish the loving company of their pals. Such parties also give youth a chance to make new friends and widen their friendship circle. At present such bashes are more popular in metros and other big cities, however, youth in small towns too are warming up to the idea of partying on Friendship Day. Commercialization of Friendship Day Just as in US and several other countries, Friendship Day has been commercialized to a great extent in India. Days before the festival, gift marketers run an extensive campaign to lure the people to buy cards and gifts for their friends. Restaurateurs too try to entice people by offering special discounts or holding bashes. Several people criticize such excessive campaigning. They feel commercialization has marred to the idea behind observing Friendship Day and has turned it into a mere formality. Some people however feel that advertising campaign has helped to generate awareness about Friendship Day festival and the idea of having a day dedicated to friends. |

Mister Monday and Keys to the Kingdom Essay -- Garth Nix

Mister Monday and the keys to the Kingdom Mister Monday the first book in the series Keys to the Kingdom by Garth Nix, is a story about an asthmatic boy named Arthur Penhaligon, who is forced into an adventure of mystery, turmoil, and understanding. This all begins on a Monday, his first day at a new school. This is the day Arthur is visited by a strange man who goes by the name Mister Monday, and is handed a key that resembles the minute hand to an old fashioned clock and a strange book leaving him with the knowledge that he is supposed to die that day. When something happens between Monday and his butler Sneezer, Monday grabs Sneezer and they disappear leaving Arthur to think it was a hallucination from the asthma attack. Only to Arthurs dismay as when he awakes in the hospital the key and the book are with him. The book contains many examples of religious symbolism and references, particularly in Judeo-Christian traditions. The prime example is the affliction of each Morrow Day with one of the seven deadly sins that resu lts from their choice not to obey the Will. †¢ Mister Monday: Sloth †¢ Grim Tuesday: Greed †¢ Drowned Wednesday: Gluttony †¢ Sir Thursday: Wrath †¢ Lady Friday: Lust †¢ Superior Saturday: Envy †¢ Lord Sunday: Pride Also, each part of The Will embodied appears to hold a virtue. Each piece of the Will holds one of the four Cardinal Virtues (Prudence, Temperance, Fortitude and Justice) or the Three Theological Virtues (Faith, Hope, and Charity). Each part of the will also seems to act in a way of the seven deadly sins, differently from that which their forms imply. The bear for instance seems to act slothful, and the carp seems to embody pride, whilst the snake seems wrathful. This may simply be a side-effec... ...corporates a main religious symbol and other symbolic terms into the book as a whole idea and base for his story. There was a lot to like about the book and very little to dislike for me, as the main character reminded me of myself, and I enjoyed how everything ties together in the book. I enjoyed the plot and setting of the book and liked how there were clues through out the book on how things would happen, some more evident then others. The only thing I didn’t like about the book were thee items used in that fashion within the house. Although the author described everything very well in the book there were some things he left out or assumed the reader already knew. To me I didn’t get some of the items use but for a more educated people it could have been easy. Overall I had a great time reading the book and think others should read it to, in my opinion of course.

Challenges in Motivating Employeess Essay

Why motivating employees is becoming increasingly challenging. The study of motivation is concerned basically, why people behave in a certain way or why people do what they do? Generally motivation can be described as the direction and persistence of action. However different items such as work environment or internal and external forces can influence the person’s choice of action. Managers face a significant challenge in finding ways to motivate their employees. Some employees can often if hard to get motivated for a job even after being employed. Maybe because there is a day job duties repletion, work condition and etc. Below I discuss some of the most significant challenges in employee’s motivation: Money is one of the major variables of satisfaction and motivation, no doubt that employees will feel less motivated if they feel their compensation is not appropriate. Paying employees less will lead to dissatisfaction and of course dissatisfied employee is an unmotivated employee. However we have to consider individual differences in the motivation. Employees have different needs and given reward do not motivate all individuals similarly. Managers should spend time necessary to understand what is important to each employee and the align goal, level of involvement and reward with individual needs. For example professionals and knowledge workers which highly trained with a college or university degree are more concerned with content of work rather than their place on the organization chart. Money and promotions typically are low on their priority list in contrast job challenge and having skill-development opportunities tend to rank high. However motivating low skilled service workers which pay levels are often little above minimum wage such as retailing and fast food is different. Many employees working in low skilled service jobs feel that they do not get the respect they deserve from their employers. Unless pay and benefits are significantly increased, high dissatisfaction is probably inevitable in these jobs. Trying to understand the needs of such employees might help motivate them better. Motivating employees in a unionized workplace environment is another challenge. For example unions have not been very receptive to pay for performance plans. They believe that differential pay to employees doing similar work can hurt corporation and lead to competition in the workplace. In other word in unionized companies providing opportunities for training and advancement and listening to employees concern all help in creating a more positive environment. On the other hand with todays globalized companies we have to consider motivation do not necessarily work equally through the world. Reward practices in different countries are variable based on cultural differences. For example countries that put a high value on uncertainly avoidance prefer pay base on objective such as seniority. Countries that put a high value on individualism place more emphasis on an individual’s responsibility for performance that leads to rewards. Countries that put a high value on human orientation offer social benefits and programs that provide working family balance, such as childcare, maternity leave and etc. Work conditions and environment is another motivation challenges. Changing the way workers are treated may boost productivity more than changing the way they are paid. An employee who feels his working conditions are unreasonable maybe unmotivated. If he feels completing a task would place him in a dangerous situation, he may not see the value doing or completing it. Other thing which could affect employee motivation is training. An employee being asked to do work which he is not qualified for or capable of doing can result in an unmotivated employee. People are generally the most motivated when their jobs give them an opportunity to learn new skills and tasks that are performed and enable them to demonstrate competence. So no doubt having an open, safe and welcoming environment is one of the most important factors. Regulation of the hours of work is another condition. If an employee is working 60 hours a week instead of the standard 40 hours, he may feel unmotivated to show up or give a full effort knowing that he will give more work and expected to stay late to finish project. Multicultural Team is another challenge in motivation. Nowadays most of the companies from big to small have multicultural team. People from diverse culture, background and beliefs. It’s clear we cannot motivate multicultural teams the same way we motivate teams with members all from same culture. Multicultural teams are differing from same culture teams in a variety of aspects. For example people from different culture have different communication style, working method and decision making practices. The expectations of team behavior vary among nationals and ethic cultures. In result managers in these companies have special challenges for motivation. Managing and motivating employees who respect different cultures can be simultaneously exciting and challenging, provide supervisors and managers understand how culture differences inspire organizational excellence, at the same time, employers encounter challenges by separating employees instead of using management and motivation techniques that focus on common traits through the workforce. In these companies as a motivating factor, money is important but only to some extent. Usually After they start getting a fairly level of compensation for their input, money stop being the greatest motivator for most people. Knowing the strength, weaknesses and performance history of each team member are very important. Some training such as multicultural awareness, team building and intercultural management workshop, motivate multicultural team members are very helpful but they must know why they are being trained. Result: All said and done working with a cross cultural team is significantly challenging as the manager must develop strategies to cope not only with differences but also motivate the team to be productive and efficient. Can a manager or supervisor â€Å"empower† an employee? Generally managers used their power as the part of their interaction with employees. In today’s workplace, there is a movement toward sharing more power with employees by putting them in teams and also by making them responsible for some of the decisions regarding their jobs. Some managers believe that to empower people is a real part of leadership as opposed to management and they give examples of way empowerment can actually set people set free to do the jobs they are capable of and also allow them to do self-managing. However managers have different concepts of empowerment, for example one group of executives believed that empowerment was about delegating decisions making within a set of clear boundaries. While another group believed that empowerment was a process of risk taking and personal growth. There is a lot of positive press on empowerment but much of the talk of empowerment, but much of the talk of empowerment, does not result in employees being empowered. Some managers have difficulties letting employees have more power. But most of the managers agree that the employees should understand how their jobs fit into the organization and that they are able to make decisions regarding job action in light of the organization purpose and mission. Empowerment can offer a number of potential benefits throughout all levels of organization. Although there is a continuing debate about the real benefits of empowerment, there appears to be a general assumption motivated staff, quality customer service and improved profits. However all the theories share a common assumption that workers are an untapped resource with knowledge and experience and an interest in becoming involved, and employers need do provide opportunities and structures for their involvement. It’s also assume that participative decision making is likely to lead to job satisfaction and better quality decision and that gains are available to employer (Increased Efficiency) and workers (Job satisfaction), in short an everyone win scenario. According to Erstad, among the many fashionable management refers to the change strategy with the objective of improving both the individuals and the organization’s ability to act. From the context of articles especially in this area empowerment is a complex process. In order to be successful it requires a clear vision, a learning environment, both for management and employees, participation and implementation tools and techniques.

Youth Tourism

2. 3 Youth Tourism Youth tourism has been identified as one of the largest segments of global tourism, and is also seen as having considerable potential for future growth as student numbers rise and youth affluence increases (Buhalis and Costa, 2006). To cater for younger surf tourists, a number of companies now offer surf safaris, generally a charter bus which travels along a mainland coastline stopping at well-known surf breaks, with accommodation typically in backpackers and similar establishments.As surfing becomes easier to learn, it seems likely that its popularity will continue to increase in future generations. In regards to marketing, specialist surf tour operators in the Indo-Pacific region for example, market principally through specialist surfing magazines, specialist surf travel agents, and directly via the internet. Some operate at only a single location, whereas others offer tours to a wide variety of different countries and destinations.Some surf lodges and surf chart er boats sell their products through many different agents, whereas others have exclusive agency agreements with particular agents in individual countries (Buckley, R. C 2000). According to Richards and Wilson (2003) growing travel participation by young people is being fuelled by a number of factors, including increased participation in higher education, falling levels of youth employment, and increased travel budgets through parental contribution, savings, and combining work and travel.The search for more exciting and unique experiences, combine with cheaper long-distance travel, has also pushed youth travel ever further towards the geographical margins of the travel industry. In 1995, the European Travel Commission published a study specifically dedicated to Europe’s youth travel market covering 26 countries. The study was commissioned in response to a perceived neglect of the market both by the travel industry and by government authorities.It concluded that the 15 to 26 a ge group took around 80 million trips and made 100 million border crossings per year, representing a fifth of all international trips and around a quarter of all holiday travel (Horak and Weber, 2000). In a study of outbound travel of German, British and French young people, the WTO (2002) stated that outbound youth tourism accounted for 17% of all international trips in these markets in 2000, concluding that more and more young people are travelling abroad on holiday, to visit friends and to tudy, as well as for business (Richards and Wilson, 2003) In a study carried out by Tourism Australia (2008) â€Å"Tourism Australia defines the youth segment as males and females, aged between 18 and 30 years†. They stated that the youth segment have information at their fingertips such as the use of technology, they are innovators of new products and trends and accepting of change (www. tourism. australia. com Accessed 18/02/2011).When resorts bring a large number of guests to a destin ation they become inverse factories, bringing customers to their product which has been pre-assembled and resourced for their enjoyment rather than shipping the product out to customers around the world. Saveriades (2000: 154) as citied in (Murphy 2008), notes in his survey of residents in Cypriot seaside resorts, that it has been widely accepted that there have been changes in the lifestyle, traditions, social behaviour, and moral standards, especially of the younger generation.One of the reasons residents make such correlations is that tourism is highly visible (Murphy, 2008). According to Hinch and Highman (2004) water sports such as swimming, surfing, water skiing, and diving hold strong appeal for the youth market. In Peru, more than 20. 000 surfers are visiting the country every year, to enjoy the best waves of the country. Surf tourists to the area come mainly from Australia, USA and Brazil. There are a lot of surf schools and a young surfboard manufacturing industry and ther e is a connection between water-based sports, surfing and the youth market (www. urfertoday. com Accessed 22/03/2011). According to the UK Coast guide, surfing is a popular water sport which is growing in the UK at a rapid rate. It is estimated that there are now around 250,000 surfers in the country and the sport appeals to all ages and both sexes, not just the young but also the grey market. There has been a particular increase in female surfers, in recent years and there is a growing band of professional female surfers who compete in competitions worldwide (www. ukcoastguide. co. uk Accessed 22/03/2011).

Advantages and Disadvantages of Being Famous †Creative Writing Essay

Advantages and Disadvantages of Being Famous – Creative Writing Essay Free Online Research Papers Advantages and Disadvantages of Being Famous Creative Writing Essay Now it’s my task to write an essay on advantages and disadvantages of beeing famous. I think everybody in the world want to earn a shit load of money like all the famous stars. But, I think earning a lot of money is not all, you must also have friends, a family staying behind you, a girlfriend or a boyfriend, because without all these things you are lonely. But, an other point is, that you can buy a big house with you money, a lot of cars, house maids and drivers. But, when you are famous, many paparazzi follow you every day, every time. And so you are under control every time, and if you do something wrong, everybody get to know it. An other disadvantage is much stress. You travel all day around the world, go to awards and so on. And if you have stress, you may take drugs and alcohol. Without taking drugs many stars wouldn’t have bear the stress. Let me go over to the end of the cariers of stars. If the carier of famous stars end they run short of money. If they didn’t save enough money for the ending of their lifes, they will get a problem. Only some stars manage to earning enough money, for example Robbie Williams or Madonna. An other problem is kidnapping children of the stars, because of the lot of money th stars have potential kidnapper hope for lots of money by kidnapping star’s children. All in all I can say on the one hand I want to become famous, because of the money, but on the other hand I don’t want to become famous because of much stress, the paparazzi and the dangerous life. But, maybe I habe the chance to become famous and then I will realize it. Research Papers on Advantages and Disadvantages of Being Famous - Creative Writing EssayThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalWhere Wild and West MeetThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraResearch Process Part OneComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoHip-Hop is ArtQuebec and CanadaTwilight of the UAW

40 Helpful Words Ending in -Ade

40 Helpful Words Ending in -Ade 40 Helpful Words Ending in -Ade 40 Helpful Words Ending in -Ade By Mark Nichol Words ending in -ade (or -cade) have a certain panache to them, often denoting a vivid action (including, frequently, military activities or endeavors) or a product or outcome of an action hence several words referring to food or drink. Most terms in English are borrowed from the French suffix -ade, cognate with the Italian form -ata (which also appears, for example, in inamorata, meaning â€Å"lover†) and the Spanish -ada (found in such words as armada, meaning â€Å"armed fleet†); all three elements are derived from the Latin suffix -atus (as in apparatus). In several words with -ade endings, such as brocade, decade, invade, pervade, and pomade, the suffix is not derived from -atus, but check out this list of those that are: 1. Accolade: an award or an expression of praise, or a ceremony at which one or both are given 2. Ambuscade: an ambush 3. Aquacade: an aquatic entertainment in which participants swim and dive to music 4. Balustrade: a row of vertical supports for a railing, or any barrier 5. Barricade: a barrier or other obstacle, or the action of creating one (unrelated to barrier, which comes from the Anglo-French word barre, meaning â€Å"bar†) 6. Blockade: an obstruction to prevent supplies or military personnel from moving from one place to another by land or sea, or any similar preventive action, or an interruption of physiological processes; also, to undertake such an action 7. Brigade: a large military unit, or an organized group (as a bucket brigade, a line of people relaying buckets full of water to douse a fire) 8. Cannonade: a bombardment, or the figurative equivalent, as in a verbal attack 9. Carronade: a short-barreled cannon (unrelated to cannon, the word is from the place name of Carron, Scotland) 10. Cascade: one or more steps in a waterfall or any similar movement, a cascading pattern in material, or a process that occurs in stages in which each one causes another; also, used as a verb to describe one of these actions 11. Cavalcade: a procession of people riding on animals or in vehicles or vessels, or a series 12. Charade: a puzzle or game (the latter referred to as charades) in which participants try to guess a word or phrase, or a pretense 13. Chiffonade: a vegetable or herb serving or garnish 14. Crusade: an enthusiastic effort to remedy or improve a situation; also a verb and, as crusader or crusading, an adjective 15. Colonnade: a line of regularly spaced columns 16. Defilade: a fortification that narrows the enemy’s maneuvering area, or the area in a structure or in a terrain out of the enemy’s line of fire 17. Enfilade: a flanking attack along the enemy’s line of fire, or a series of rooms, each of which opens into the next 18. Escalade: an act of climbing, especially a fortification 19. Escapade: an unapproved or unconventional activity or adventure 20. Esplanade: an open area for walking or driving, especially on a shoreline 21. Fusillade: shots fired simultaneously or in succession, or a similar attack of projectiles or the figurative equivalent, as in an outburst of spoken or written criticism 22. Gallopade: a type of spirited dance 23. Gasconade: boasting or bravado 24. Glissade: a gliding or sliding ballet step, or any movement suggestive of one; also, to undertake this action 25. Lemonade: a drink made of lemon juice, sugar, and water 26. Limeade: a drink made of lime juice, sugar, and water 27. Marinade: a savory sauce used to flavor and/or tenderize meat; the verb form is marinate 28. Marmalade: a jelly that includes pieces of fruit and fruit rind 29. Masquerade: a party whose attendees wear masks and costumes, or the costume itself; also, something done for show or to deceive, or to disguise, or a verb describing this type of behavior 30. Motorcade: a procession of motorized vehicles 31. Orangeade: a drink made of orange juice, sugar, and water 32. Palisade: a protective fence made of pointed stakes, or one such stake, or a line of cliffs suggesting a barrier 33. Parade: a procession or mobile array, a formation of troops or the site of the formation, people strolling or the place where they stroll, or a spectacle or a series of actions or efforts suggestive of such an exhibition; also, to perform one of these activities 34. Pasquinade: a satire 35. Promenade: a place where people stroll, or a public walk or ride undertaken for enjoyment or to show off, a march at the beginning of a formal ball in which all guests participate, or a movement in square dancing (in addition, the word from which prom is truncated); also, to undertake any of these activities 36. Renegade: one who defies normal standards of behavior or abandons one cause for another 37. Scalade: an archaic variant of escalade (see above) 38. Serenade: a musical performance intended to compliment the listener, especially one performed as part of a courtship, or a specific type of musical composition for a small group of performers 39. Stockade: an enclosure of posts or stakes constructed to keep prisoners in or the enemy out 40. Torsade: an ornament, especially for a hat, of twisted cord or ribbon Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Arrive To vs. Arrive At"Gratitude" or "Gratefulness"?20 Ways to Cry

Drosophila Parkinson's disease model for Investigating Sleep Disorder Thesis

Drosophila Parkinson's disease model for Investigating Sleep Disorder of PD - Thesis Example Introduction Parkinson’s disease (PD) is an advancing and persisting neurodegenerative disorder that influences the control of the central nervous system (CNS) on the voluntary movement. It was first reported by James Parkinson in 1817, as â€Å"An Essay on the Shaking Palsy† (Parkinson, 2002). Much research has been carried out in two centuries towards understanding Parkinson’s disease but no definite cure could be attained so far. PD has emerged as the second most prevalent neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Diagnosis of Parkinson’s disease is difficult in early stages of the disease. Estimates reveal that only 75% of the clinically diagnosed cases are confirmed at autopsy (Gelb, 1999). Although the disease is non fatal but the linked complications culminate into life threatening consequences especially in the later stages of the disease (Morgante, 2000). The neuropathological studies disclose characteristics of PD and its c onnection with neuronal degeneration in substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), loss of dopaminergic neuron results in imbalance between dopamine and acetylcholine. As less amount of dopamine is secreted, there is overtone of cholinergic activity in basal ganglia, responsible for various clinical features of Parkinson’s disease. ... Lewy bodies are associated with neurological conditions, they enclose protein components of the ubiquitin proteosome system (UPS), hsp, neurofilaments, ?-synuclein and synphilin-1 (Olanow, 2004). Cardinal features of Parkinson’s disease is associated with motor symptoms encompassing resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia/ akinesia, shakiness in posture, gait and posture disturbances may be common including shuffling of the feet, decreased arm swing and stooped forward- flexed posture, pin rolling movements of thumb, drooling of saliva from mouth, expression less face or masked face, micrographia, impaired agility (Nussbaum, 1997). The non motor symptoms occur due to loss of non-dopaminergic pathway resulting in the distress in the patient and hence impairing life (Hely, 2005). Mood alteration is common in PDs, including depression (Lieberman, 2006), anxiety, cognitive disturbance, impaired attention, prioritizing, interpreting social cues, and subjective awareness, dementia, h allucination, delusion, short term memory loss, enhanced sexual activity and psychosis (Frank, 2005; Levin, 2005). Sleep disturbances, disproportionate daytime sleepiness with nighttime sleeplessness, distressed REM sleep (Freedom, 2007). Disturbed visual sensations, spatial analysis and color differentiation, PD cases are unaware of their body position (Adler, 2005). Nocturia, orthostatic hypotension, distorted weight (Martignoni, 1995). Risk Factors for Parkinson’s disease encompass advancing age, environmental predisposition, and genetic factors in the select genes. The onset of Parkinson occurs in the individual above 50 years. The cause of PD is idiopathic and genetic

Assess Kant's ethics of duty and freedom as a response to all previous Essay

Assess Kant's ethics of duty and freedom as a response to all previous ethical theories - Essay Example In his "Critique on Pure Reason" Kant portrays a view of rationalists such as Descartes as being overly concerned with divinity and divine intervention. He felt that the preoccupation with the role of God in the control of human thoughts, feelings and actions posed a very clear contradiction to the inherent will of man. He adamantly opposed the philosophy of Descartes in that he feels that Descartes reaffirmed his existence of God by alluding to the notion that conceptualizing something in one's mind actually makes it real. Essentially his fundamental problem was with the notion of "I think therefore I am" as proposed by Descartes. He argued that making a presumption that something exists and using that presumption as proof of the same bears no merit in arriving at the truth. Moreover, Kant objected to the passivity attributed to the human mind by the rationalists. His objection to the empiricist school of thought can be found in the fact that empiricists such as Locke portrayed an incomplete view of the mind and human motivation. He felt that the empiricist viewpoint was somewhat esoteric in nature in that it was effective in arriving at the notion that the mind was a "blank table" but it failed to expand on its implications. His main criticism could be found in the notion that empiricism often underestimated the role of reasoning in the construction of a knowledge base. He felt that empiricists viewed the mind as a passive entity while in Kant's view the mind was an active entity in which the individual plays a pivotal role in the way in which knowledge is produced. In so doing, perceptions are subject to the assessment of the individual knower and not the reverse as proposed by the empiricists. Kant was very ingenious in his use of the theories of his predecessors for arriving at a distinct theory of his own. He was able to utilize the notion of passivity of the mind in the formation of his clear and concise contradictory theory. According to Kant humans are autonomous beings and as such are capable of real self-governance. He feels that there ought not to be boundaries or limitations placed on the goodness of the human will and the real human freedom to choose. The human propensity to heteronymous influences from emotions and external norms makes them slaves to outside influences which will lead them to act immorally. Heteronomy in Kant's philosophy is the subjection to the imposition of moral choices that are exterior to the autonomy of the human will, for example in response to desires for some benefit, out of fear of unwanted repercussions to an action, or through the influence of others. A heteronymous will is constrained to act from subjective calculations or from rul es that have been set from outside and consequently lacks real freedom. An autonomous will chooses freely from pure principle on its own assessment of the objective goodness of an action that can be judged to qualify as a maxim for universal application. In his duty theory, Kant expresses the notion that there is an underlying moral law that all should adhere to and theorizes that the singular motivation for human actions should be duty and respect for the independent moral good. He maintains that the fundamental principle at the basis of all moral duties is a categorical imperative. He feels that this categorical imperative commands us to exercise our will in a particular way and can be formulated on three aspects. The

Biology Research Paper on Brain Tumors Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Biology on Brain Tumors - Research Paper Example All types of brain tumors can be life threatening mainly because of their invasive nature in the minimal space of the intracranial cavity. Since the skull protects the brain well, early detection of brain tumor is not often possible. Therefore, detection of brain tumors generally happens only in advanced stages when its causes unrecovered damages in the brain; and this problem increases the severity of this disease. Brain tumors can damage brain in a number of ways. Usually, brain tumors shift the brain or press it against the skull and damage healthy brain tissues and nerves. Type of symptoms of brain tumors may be greatly influenced by the affected location as different parts of the brain have entirely different functions. It is less likely that brain tumors will spread to other organs outside the central nervous system. Head ache and nausea are some of the most common symptoms of brain tumors and the symptoms will be very severe in the morning. Seizures, difficulty in thinking or speaking, loss of balances, personality changes, paralysis in side of the body, troubles in vision, confusion, and memory loss constitute other major symptoms of brain tumors. As many of these symptoms may indicate other common medical problems, people would not consult doctor at initial stages and this situation adds to the fatality of brain tumors. Brain tumors are of two types including primary brain tumor and secondary (metastatic) brain tumor. The major difference between these two is that the primary brain tumor is developed in the brain itself whereas the metastatic brain tumor is initiated as a cancer in another body part. In common cases, primary brain tumor will not spread to other parts of the body. According to pathologists (qtd in National Brain Tumor Society, 2011), primary brain tumor can be grouped into two categories such as glial tumors and nonglial tumors. Glial tumors are composed of glial cells, which contain astrocytes, Schwann cells, microglia, oligodendrocyte s, and ependymal cells. The nonglial tumors originate in brain structures including glands, nerves, and blood vessels. In contrast, in case of secondary brain tumors, some of the cancer cells reach the brain through blood or from the adjacent tissue. Clinical practitioners note that secondary brain tumors are the most common type of brain tumors (National Brain Tumor Society, 2011). How it affects the body? To a great extent, impacts of brain tumor on the body depend on a number of factors such as its type, location, and involved area of brain. Once the human brain develops brain tumor, the tumor cells may mutate and grow and thereby damage other parts of the brain. Clinical practitioners claim that brain tumors will cause troubles to hearing or speech gradually. In advanced stages, victims’ arms and legs may lose sensation and their other body functions may be seriously affected. Sometimes, brain tumors will cause additional damages to the brain because skull is solid and it cannot stretch as the tumor grows. Tumors developed in the area of basal ganglia cause issues like abnormal movements and abnormal body positioning. Patients’ attitude towards the disease is a major factor determining the effects of brain tumor

Testing Webservices Using Soapui And Jmeter

Testing Webservices Using Soapui And Jmeter Web servers are an integral part of a web application. Choosing the right web server that meets the applicationà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s requirements and the expected load is a key decision in providing a real-time response. This paper studies and compares the performance of different open source web servers like Apache Tomcat and Jetty under different loads. The objective is to carry out load testing using Jmeter, which is an open source tool, written in java. In the process, web service used in load testing is functional tested using an open source tool-soapUI. The paper also explores the capabilities of these two tools. The webservice used for load testing the web servers is a wrapper method around an open source project called Lucene, provided by the Apache foundation. Lucene provides full text indexing and searching capabilities in different libraries. The paper will use the experimental results to calculate the peak TPS of the webservers and determine the capabilities/limitations of the ab ove webservers. à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½Discovering the unexpected is more important than confirming the knownà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½-(George Box). Software testing is an essential and integral part of the software development cycle. This can be done either manually or by using automated testing tools. The later method is more preferred in recent times as it saves a lot of time and helps catch the software bugs missed by manual testing. There are different types of software testing techniques that include- functional testing, integration testing, load testing, regression testing etc. Functional testing involves testing the features and operational behavior of a software to ensure they correspond to its specifications. Load testing involves modeling the expected usage of a software program by simulating multiple users accessing the program in parallel. The purpose of the paper is to serve as a case study for evaluating the performance of web servers. Testing can be aided significantly by several testing tools. This paper performs functional testing of web service using soapUI tool. SoapUI is an open source testing tool which mainly performs functional testing of Web services (SOAP, REST etc). SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is a simple mechanism for exchanging structured and typed information between peers in a decentralized distributed environment using XML [1]. In this paper, wrapper webservice methods are written on top of APIs provided by Lucene. Apache Lucene is a high performance, full-featured text search engine library written entirely in Java with powerful, accurate and efficient search algorithms [3]. It is open source software suitable for most of the applications that require full-text search, especially cross-platform. Applications based on Lucene include: Eclipse, JIRA, Roller, OpenGrok, Nutch, Solr etc [2]. Lucene exposes methods that provide the functionality for indexing text documents and also provides APIs to search indexed documents based on a certain set of predefined fields. These methods exposed by the libraries are used by the webservice to provide indexing and search functionality. This webservice is functional tested using soapUI. There are different open source web servers available in the market. Jakarta Tomcat, Miniature Java Web server and Jetty are a few examples of open source web servers. Web servers are containers that host web applications/webservices. The lucene webservice is then hosted on two different webservers (Tomcat and Jetty) and these web servers are load tested using JMeter. Apache Jmeter, is another open source testing tool that is used to load test web applications. The webserverà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s performance is analyzed under different loads generated using Jmeter. Jmeter is used to simulate heavy load on a server and test the webserverà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s capabilitylimitation. Section 2 of this paper describes the environment setup needed for this project. presents current work and industry acceptance of some of the functional and load testing tools. Section 4 describes Rigi and highlights its limitation. Section 4 describes Understand 2.5 as a reverse engineering tool. Section 5 demonstrates reverse engineering of SimpleDB, an open source code. Section 6 concludes reverse engineering. 2. Environment Since soapUI and Jmeter are java based tools, it runs on most operating systems including Windows, Mac and Linux. The study will be done on Windows 7. SoapUI and Jmeter require 1.6+ JRE (Java Runtime Environment). It requires at least 1 GB of memory, and about 100 MB of disk space. Tools: soapUI and Jmeter Web servers: Apache Tomcat and Jetty Web service: To avoid the Web service being the bottleneck, a simple Web service that calculates the area of different shapes will be used as the Web service. This Web service can be extended later to perform other functions. 3. Current Practices This section presents current work and industry acceptance of some of the functional and load testing tools. soapUI and JMeter are two free tools used by the open source community. Section 3.1 talks about different commercial and open source functional testing tools. Section 3.2 concentrates on load testing tools. 3.1. Functional testing tools Some of the functional testing tools for testing internet applications currently being used by industries are listed below A) soapUI soapUI is a tool used for functional testing web services. Many industries are currently using soapUI for testing. It is being used to implement test suits for Alfresco Web services. soapUI is being used in a handful of public sector projects lately. As part of the Czech eGovernment project Datovà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Schrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nky soapUI is used for session-based login scenario with Datovà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ Schrà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½nky [16]. It is also used in testing ASP.NET Web services. It is a big success in market as it comes with plug-ins for many IDEà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s/tools like NetBeans, Maven, Eclipse, IntelliJ IDEA 6+ etc [16]. B) WebLOAD Professional WebLOAD Professional is RadViewà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s commercial tool for performance testing of Internet applications [3]. It has built-in support for AJAX technologies, JSON data types and different types of SOAP and XML Web services [3]. C) Quicktest Professional QTP is widely used commercial test automation tool mainly for functional testing. It allows the users to fill out a Web page and to submit it. It then follows the request from the client workstation through the network. The message is traced to the Web service that processes it [4]. D) TestMaker TestMaker is a Web service testing application from PushToTest. TestMakers tests are embodied in scripts called à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½test agents. It can also be used to test Web applications [15]. Bundled with TestMaker is a network monitoring tool that can watch HTTP traffic between your browser and a target Web application, and generate test cases from the interaction [15]. 3.2. Load testing tools With applications like twitter and facebook becoming popular day by day, the amount of traffic that web servers handle has increased tremendously. The importance of tuning the performance of web servers has become crucial. Web server performance largely depends of components such as server hardware platform, Web server software, server operating system, network bandwidth, file sizes, caching, etc [5]. The performance of the web servers can be increased tremendously by proper tuning of the components of the server [5]. Most of the web applications run smoothly with minimal traffic. But when thousands of users access a web site in parallel, it tends to run slowly. Hence it is always a good practice to thoroughly load test web site/Web services before it goes live. Industries, when choosing the right web server for the web site being developed, usually take the expected load into account. They will also stress test Web servers by running 20-40 simultaneous requests on one URL [5]. The a verage time for the responses is then recorded. This will help them make the right decision. Listed are a few of the load testing tools used in the market (particularly open source market). A) JMeter JMeter is an open source Apache Jakarta project that can be used as a load testing tool for analyzing and measuring the performance of a variety of services, with a focus on web applications. This will be discussed in detail in section 4. JMeter is used worldwide by many companies for testing. AOL use JMeter for performance testing, QA, and adhoc production requests [14]. PrepMe is another company that uses JMeter. They wrap JMeter with a few scripts to dynamically generate configuration files based on the type of tests to be run [14]. This is integrated with their internal Symfony framework installation. Sapient and orbitz also use JMeter [14]. Advantages of Jmeter are it is open source and it provides the ability to load and performance test different kinds of Web server types like web, SOAP and database via JDBC. It also provides support for displaying the results using different Graphs and will support regression testing in the future. B) Grinder The Grinder is an open source load testing tool designed to load test functional behavior and measure performance. Grinder scripts are written in Jython programming language. It adopts a generic approach that allows load testing of anything that has a Java API. For example, HTTP web servers, SOAP and REST Web services [3]. C) NeoLoad NeoLoad is a commercial load and stress testing tool to measure the performance of the web application and provide pragmatic solutions facilitating design and development of the optimized website. Benefit of NeoLoad is easy creation of tests, which can be performed by non specialists. [3]. Although commercial tools offer richer set of features and are in general easier to use, available open source tools are sufficient to successfully perform given tasks. Their usage requires higher level of technical expertise but they are a lot more flexible and extendable 4. Details 4.1. Functional Testing The Web servers will host the Web service (CalculateArea) that returns the area of different shapes. Using soapUI, the functionality of the Web service will be tested with different test cases. The following are the methods exposed by the CalculateArea Web service 1) Double AreaOfRectangle (double length, double breadth) 2) Double AreaOfCircle (double radius) 3) Double AreaOfCylinder (double radius, double height) 4) Double AreaOfTriangle (double length, double height) This service can be extended later to include methods to calculate the area of other shapes. Figure 1. Functional testing of Web servers using soapUI tool Testing of Web services has to target three aspects: the discovery of Web services , the data format exchanged (i.e.,Web Services Description Language, WSDL), and request/response mechanisms (i.e., SOAP). The Web Services Description Language (WSDL) is an XML-based language that provides a model for describing Web services [1][5] . The data format and request/response mechanisms can be tested by invoking requests and observing responses with test data representing valid and invalid data formats[1]. The above three scenarios will be tested using soapUI. soapUI will validate and import Web services from SOAP based WSDL documents. Fig 1 explains the functional testing that will be carried out in details. Each method invocation will be a request to invoke that particular method (ex:AreaOfCircle) on the Web service. The Web server will receive the request and determine which application will handle the request and pass on the request to the particular application. The application (CalculateArea Web service) will receive the request and proc ess the request. The application will throw an exception if there are any issues (missing/invalid parameter value or invalid parameter type) with the request. Otherwise, it will perform the necessary service and return the result in the response which is forwarded to the component that invoked the service (soapUI in this case). The request and the response will be examined to make sure the response is the expected response for each scenario. If the Web service throws an exception, soapUI throws the same exception so that the user will know what the exception was for. We will use Jakarta Tomcat and Jetty to host the Web service to be tested. 4.2. Load testing of the application and stress testing the web server Figure 2: Load/stress testing of Web servers using JMeter tool As mentioned in the previous section, the Web service will be hosted on both Jakarta tomcat and Jetty. Jmeter, an open source load testing tool, will be used to perform the load testing/stress testing on both the web servers. As shown in Figure 2, the load on the Web server will be gradually increased by increasing the number of requests every time. The response time will be noted for each of the response from the web server. This result will help in calculating the time taken by the web server to process these requests. This will be used to calculate the TPS (transactions per second) that each Web server handles under each load. These results should be a good indicator on how the above web server scales for increasing loads. The number of requests per second will be increased by increasing the requests per second from Jmeter and also by using multiple running instances of Jmeter (thereby simulating multiple concurrent users). The above test will be performed for the following number of transaction on each server and the results will be noted. Table 1. Load metrics Requests per second Time taken to handle the requests % Passed transaction % Failed Transaction Transaction Per Second Handled by the Web server 5. Future Directions When trying to choose Open Source test tools, several factors may be considered, such as how active the development is, the support for the tool, the quality of the documentation, etc. JMeter is free and extensible tool with a substantial community support. One of the JMeter strong points is the distributed testing feature. The master system (controller) carries the user interface or XML test scripts and makes RMI calls to each of the nodes (load generators). Each node receives a mirror of the test plan and performs identical actions on a target Web application [3]. As developers take advantage of JMeterà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s pluggable architecture, JMeters capabilities will rapidly expand in future. The primary goal of further development is to make JMeter the most useful regression testing tool as possible, without compromising JMeters load-testing capabilities. Additional goals are to improve the graphical user interface. Since there is no support for scripting and advance reporting in soapUI currently, there is scope to add scripting libraries and enhance reporting features in future. 6. Limitations Open source testing tools are inexpensive (free), and work well for easy to moderately-difficult jobs but theyre somewhat less user-friendly than commercial tools and complex jobs must be built manually. Some limitations of soapUI include- no maintenance as it is a freely available tool. Scripting libraries are not available. No support for advance reporting. These limitations can be overcome by using soapUI pro, a commercial tool used for testing. Also, soapUI test cases cannot be used as examples illustrating the use of the service. Junit test cases can be used to overcome these limitations. soapUI also requires significant coding for building/maintaining test cases and suites. Also, in the place of actual input data for generated test cases, soapUI leaves question marks (or alternatively some pregenerated Latin words or numbers) [7]. In addition, it does not manage the choice and all elements and the occurrence attributes, but introduces comments explaining to the human tester how to handle them. JMeter has certain drawbacks. Thereà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½s no guarantee of support or further development as it is an open source tool. It has limited reporting capabilities. Graphic representation is quite confusing and has no support for scripting. One of the most distinguished disadvantages is insufficient support for test case recording. JMeter uses proxy which can only record HTTP while HTTPS is supported only in so called, spoofing mode. However, there are other tools which can be used in conjunction with JMeter and provide HTTPS test case recording. One such tool is Badboy tool which may be defined as a Web application functional testing tool [3]. 7. Discussion and Summary One of the chief concerns while choosing a testing tool is the cost of the tool. Since software testing usually attracts the least budget in an organization, many people look to the Open Source community for good solutions. This paper is an attempt in showing that there are good open source tools like soapUI and JMeter in the market that accomplishes most of the functionality supported by commercial tools. This paper also studies the performance of different open source web servers for different loads.